6/23/2023 0 Comments Dr howard earman17-48 in Thinking about Space and Time: 100 Years of Applying and Interpreting General Relativity. "Einstein’s Conflicting Heuristics: The Discovery of General Relativity," pp. Instead conservation of energy and momentum provided a pathway to unique gravitational field equations in both theories. However this principle was in tension with his theory of 1912 and flatly contradicted by his theory of 1913. DownloadĮinstein insisted that his principle of equivalence was a founding heuristic for his general theory of relativity. Sauer, eds., TheĮxpanding Worlds of General Relativity: Einstein Studies, volume 7, Boston: Birkhäuser, pp. "The Cosmological Woes of Newtonian Gravitation Theory," in H. I have surveyed and catalogued the many responses in the literature to this paradox. This paradox, which even tripped up Newton, was used by Einstein to motivate introduction of his cosmological constant. In the late 1890s, Seeliger showed that the simplest and most natural Newtonian cosmology was paradoxical. Norton The Attraction of Gravitation: New Studies in History of General Relativity. "Einstein and Nordström: Some Lesser Known thought Experiments in Gravitation," pp.3-29 in J. Renn (ed.), Relativity and its Alternatives. "Einstein, Nordström and the early Demise of Lorentz-covariant, Scalar Theories of Gravitation," Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 45 (1992), pp.17-94. Einstein was able to show that even this most conservative of theories led to the same outcome, the association of gravitation with a curvature of spacetime. Other related work includes a study of the Nordstroem theory of gravitation, which Einstein identified as the serious competitor to his newly emerging general relativity. 2 Einstein's Zurich Notebook: Commentary and Essays. "What Was Einstein's 'Fateful Prejudice'?" in Juergen Renn (ed.), The Einsenstaedt, eds., The Universe of General Relativity. "A Conjecture on Einstein, the Independent Reality of Spacetime Coordinate Systems and the Disaster of 1913," pp. The same error, months later, allowed the hole argument to convince Einstein that all generally covariant gravitational field equations would be physically uninteresting. I conjecture that a second hitherto unrecognized error also defeated Einstein's efforts: he unwittingly reified his spacetime coordinate systems. It was the presumption that weak, static gravitational fields must be spatially flat and a corresponding assumption about his weak field equations. Two fundamental errors led Einstein to reject generally covariant gravitational field equations for over two years as he was developing his general theory of relativity. "A Peek into Einstein's Zurich Notebook." Goodies. With Juergen Renn, Tilman Sauer, Michel Janssen, John Stachel, “A Commentary on the Notes on Gravity in the Zürich Notebook” in Juergen Renn (ed.), The Genesis of General Relativity. In the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 31 (2000), pp.135-170. "'Nature in the Realization of the Simplest Conceivable Mathematical Ideas': Einstein and the Canon of Mathematical Simplicity," Studies With Don Howard, "Out of the Labyrinth: Einstein, Hertz and Göttingen Answer to the Hole Argument," pp. Download.Ĭontributing editor to Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. Forge (ed.), Measurement, Realism and Objectivity (Reidel), 1987,pp. "Einstein, the Hole Argument and the Reality of Space," in J. Stachel (eds.), EinsteinĪnd the History of General Relativity: Einstein Studies Vol. "How Einstein Found His Field Equations: 1912-1915," Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 14 (1984), pp. My work on this notebook has continued in collaboration with a group of historians of science under the auspices of the Max Planck Institute for History of Science in Berlin and has lead to our joint publication of the definitive multivolume work on the notebook. The notebook also explained in detail the outstanding puzzle of why Einstein rejected these famous equations in 1913, only to return to them ruefully two years later. The notebook enabled a reconstruction of Einstein's path from the earliest insight of an essential connection between gravitation and the curvature of spacetime through to the juggling of the complicated expressions that eventually become the Einstein equations. My most important contribution to the history of relativity was the presentation of the first analysis of Einstein's "Zurich Notebook." It turned out to contain Einstein's private calculations for the crucial period of the making of his greatest discovery, the general theory of relativity. Home > research > history of general relativity History of General Relativity and Gravitation
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6/23/2023 0 Comments Cronometer vs myfitnesspal redditTo me, the biggest draw for Cronometer is how it tracks micronutrients & biometrics (measurements and even your bathroom habits) and creates reports, as well as the ability to put notes in recipes, like details about how to prepare & cook the recipe.Įven though Cronometer mentions that it only has verified entries in its database, there can still be multiple entries for one food because companies will update their ingredients over time, which changes the nutrition info for certain products. I like that Cronometer has only verified entries in its database. I also did three weeks where I was using both Cronometer and MyFitnessPal at the same time (and I tried both the free and premium versions of MyFitnessPal, too) so that I could compare them side by side. I’ve been using Cronometer for over six weeks, with two weeks on the free version and four weeks on the paid premium version (Gold). Learn more about our review process here. Honest Review Guarantee from FeastGood: Our testing team purchases each product 100% independently and uses the product for several weeks up to several months before writing a review. It has great community support and has more realistic & customizable options for calorie intake, even in the free version.Ĭronometer goes way beyond just tracking calories and macros, and I’m excited to share all the details about how it works and what it does with you, as well as the pros and cons and who I think should (and shouldn’t) use it. I also made sure to try both the free version and the “Gold” membership for the app, to see if the additional cost was worth it.Īfter 6 weeks of testing, here’s my quick take:Ĭronometer is an excellent user-friendly calorie & macro-tracking app, with more focus on micronutrients and better recipe creation & sharing functionality than MyFitnessPal. So I had to check it out for myself, both from the point of view of a coach AND as a client, since I track my own macros, as well. A lot of them say that it’s even better than my long-time favorite, MyFitnessPal. Learn more.Ĭronometer is a macro and calorie tracking app that I have heard mentioned many times by fellow nutrition coaches. Some links in this article are affiliate links, which means we earn from qualifying purchases. In 2004 Montgomery County Judge Stanley Ott gave legal approval to move the Barnes art collection from suburban Lower Merion to the Parkway. The Barnes Foundation ran into financial difficulties, and litigation ensued to move the entire collection to a new building on the Cret-designed Benjamin Franklin Parkway. Shortly after Barnes' death, litigation was successful in incrementally opening his museum to the public. In his will he ordered that the collection be kept as he had spatially arranged it, off limits to the public, in the building in Lower Merion. Barnes had nothing but disdain for the entitled aristocracy of Philadelphia, and made his museum private. To house the growing collection, Barnes hired Franco-American architect Paul Philippe Cret to build an educational institution and home in Lower Merion, Pennsylvania, just outside Philadelphia. Barnes Company to the Zonite Corporation, just three months before the stock market crash.īarnes was wealthy after the sale, and he turned to his high school classmate and artist William Glackens to purchase art to start a teaching collection. It was used to prevent gonorrhea infections of the eyes of newborns, a significant problem in the days before treatments for systemic gonorrhea were available. Barnes bought out his partner's interest in the company and his secret formula, and trademarked Argyrol. His German business associate developed a silver nitrate solution, subsequently called Argyrol. He disliked clinical care, and decided to spend his time in pharmaceutical research. Barnes (1872-1951) was born in Philadelphia and attended Central High School and then the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. The settlement of a legal case provided the final impetus for the move.Īlbert C. In practice, their stays were extended if there were no placement openings. In theory, youths were to remain there for ten days or less, until placement could be made elsewhere. The Youth Study Center was plagued by overcrowding, and by physical damage due to financial issues and repeated attempts at escape. He was chosen to create two pieces for placement on the Parkway side of the building. In 1952 sculptor Waldemar Raemisch, had completed The Preacher, a stone sculpture for the Ellen Phillips Samuel Memorial on Kelly Drive. The Center offered social and educational programs to steer young offenders from further illegal activities. The Youth Study Center provided a secure, short-term residential detention facility for youths ages 13 to 20 awaiting court hearings. The two buildings were connected by two-story pedestrian bridges on the second and third floors. The entrance to the complex was at the three-story brick building on Pennsylvania Avenue. The five-story building on the Parkway was sheathed in limestone panels with aluminum framed strip windows and two tiers of balconies. The Youth Study Center, completed in 1952, consisted of two reinforced steel and concrete buildings with a central courtyard. Behind these trees was to be the first modernistic building on the Parkway. There was a mandatory 200 foot setback from the Parkway for buildings, so the landscaping, designed by Horace Fleisher, included allees of London Plane trees fronting the Parkway. After two years of further public debate, local architect firm Carroll, Grisdale, and van Allen were given the commission to build the "Youth Study Center" on the Parkway, parallel to the Parkway. The Municipal/Family Court had been built in the classical style one block away in 1941, and this was another impetus to having the detention center nearby. The nobility of its purpose, to turn around wayward youth, was felt compatible with the nobility of the parkway, with the stipulation that any building not look like a penal institution. Despite these objections, in 1944 the City Council approved the planned construction of the detention center on the Parkway. Both sites were opposed by Paul Cret, the head of the Art Jury, the committee tasked with ensuring proper aesthetic uses of the Parkway. It was decided to build a new detention center at 20th and Callowhill, later changed to 20th and the Ben Franklin Parkway. By the 1930s it was realized that the Detention Center at 22nd and Arch was too small. 6/23/2023 0 Comments The sims medieval gameplay pcVarious actions can have a negative impact on your sim’s focus, which is a statistic that governs how your sim feels and how well they perform their duties. Their mood bar can still dip into the red if you’re not careful, however. All hero sims have their own unique abilities. It is now fairly simple to keep sims happy, as all you have to do is make sure they get to eat and sleep. Culling so many of these bars from past games does this game a lot of good, as it was not uncommon to sometimes to feel overwhelmed when your sims were unhappy over several things at once in previous Sims titles. There are only two now, energy and hunger. In the past, we had to keep our sims happy by managing about eight different bars that represented energy, hunger, fun, atmosphere, and much more. The interaction is the same here as it has always been in Sims games, meaning you are able to form friendships and relationships with other characters, and you will always have to pay close attention to your character’s mood to make sure they stay happy. If you don’t feel like working on whatever given quest you are on, you can simply lead your sim around and live out their life by eating gross sounding medieval meals, getting absolutely hammered by brewing alcohol, getting into fist fights and duels to the death, and much more. When you take on a quest, you have an infinite amount of time to complete it. Standard Sims gameplay from before is of course present. They are pretty varied and are often very fun to do. One quest has you trying to find a way to remove a bad luck curse from yourself while another has you going into a cave and forming an alliance with a crab monster. Quests can be just about anything you can imagine in a medieval setting. You cannot play the game without taking on a quest, and you must accept one from a pretty lengthy list before the game lets you control a sim. Quests in a Sims game may sound a little awkward at first, but it works surprisingly well here. In order to construct these buildings, you have to take on quests that award points required for developing your budding kingdom. You basically just start off with your castle, but as you progress you will be able to build many other buildings like barracks, a tavern, and even a wizard tower. When you finish making a monarch sim, you get to check out the kingdom you get to direct. It is required that all characters have one, and these fatal flaws range from being a chronic drunk to being blood thirsty and always wanting a fight. The traits are what you’d expect to see (friendly, loves outdoors, etc.) but the fatal flaws add a new dimension to character personalities. No longer do we just choose several personality traits, but rather just two and then a fatal flaw. The notable change in the sims editor for Sims Medieval is the traits. Feeding your sims is just as important as ever before. They can still be recoloured, which is a definite plus. All clothing options are now full body costumes and outfits, so instead of manually choosing your shirt or pants, you are selecting one entire outfit. There’s a little bit less customization here than there was in The Sims 3, though. You have your body and face sliders, voice tempo, clothing selections, and character traits. When I say exactly as it was before, I mean it’s pretty much ripped straight out of the last game. Creating a sim in this game is exactly as it was in The Sims 3. It is a colourful and vibrant sort of brown, ff that even makes sense.Īfter beginning a new game from the main menu, you get to watch a clever little cinematic that tells you about the kingdom you’ll be inheriting and then, from there, you get to design your king or queen. Music sounds like it came straight out of a renaissance fair or cheesy fantasy movie, and the usual bright and happy blue menus from the previous Sims have been replaced with a lot of brown. When you boot up Sims Medieval, you’re treated to the game’s very well put together presentation. It expands upon and introduces many features, though it also seems to take a few steps back which prevents this from being the definitive life simulation game. The Sims Medieval is, in short, the most refreshing entry in the Sims series since the original game. Originally, I had no idea that this game supposedly boasted all sorts of new gameplay mechanics that drastically set it apart from its older household-themed siblings. When I first heard of The Sims Medieval, I dismissed it as another pointless installment in the Sims series that EA was endlessly milking. 6/22/2023 0 Comments Nba 2k11 xbox 360 dunkOf course there are also variants of the crossover from there. If you then bring the left stick over to the left, the animation is going to bridge to a full crossover. If the ball is in your right hand and you flick it to the right, he's going to feign a crossover. Simply holding the left trigger and maneuvering the left stick gets you all sorts of moves, but this year they should all make sense. Rather than holding the right trigger and the left trigger or just the left trigger or some weird timed combination of the two of them, the left trigger holds most of your dribbling moves this year. First, let's go over how the dribbling mechanics have changed. Dribbling animations can be interrupted just as easily. Of course, interruptible animations aren't confined to driving the lane and shooting the rock. In-air collisions that alter your set animations are also in so even if you don't willfully change your shot, chances are a big center like Yao Ming is going to alter it (and, in turn, your body) for you.īreak it down, son. Going for a layup but see a center looming in the lane? Simply alter your shot by tapping the shot stick in either direction (this can also be used to trigger different dunk types, including one that forces your player to hang on the rim after flushing it). This year, just about every single animation can be broken out of and altered in some way. 6/22/2023 0 Comments Gpower manova response variablesIt is recommended to check retrospectively that the underlying hypotheses have been correctly verified. The hypotheses used in ANOVA are identical to those used in linear regression: the errors ε i follow the same normal distribution N(0,s) and are independent. Where y i is the value observed for the dependent variable for observation i, k (i,j) is the index of the category (or level) of factor j for observation i and ε iis the error of the model. If p is the number of factors, the anova model is written as follows: What are ANOVA, ANCOVA and repeated measures ANOVA?Īnalysis of variance ( ANOVA) is a tool used to partition the observed variance in a particular variable into components attributable to different sources of variation. For a given power, it also allows to calculate the sample size that is necessary to reach that power. The XLSTAT-Power module calculates the power (and beta) when other parameters are known. We therefore wish to maximize the power of the test. The power of a test is calculated as 1-beta and represents the probability that we reject the null hypothesis when it is false. We cannot fix it up front, but based on other parameters of the model we can try to minimize it. In fact, it represents the probability that one does not reject the null hypothesis when it is false. The type II error or beta is less studied but is of great importance. It is a significance level set a priori for each test and is usually set to 5%. It occurs when one rejects the null hypothesis when it is true. The null hypothesis H 0 and the alternative hypothesis H a.When testing a hypothesis using a statistical test, there are several decisions to take: What is statistical power for ANOVA, ANCOVA and Repeated measures ANOVA? What is statistical power? XLSTAT-Power estimates the power or calculates the necessary number of observations associated with these models. XLSTAT offers tools to apply analysis of variance (ANOVA), repeated measures analysis of variance and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Statistical Power for ANOVA, ANCOVA and Repeated measures ANOVA 6/22/2023 0 Comments Skype ringtoneThen click the Browse button to navigate to the music file you'd like to hear. Select Play music on hold if this option is available and you'd like to hear music while on hold. Your organization may also give you the option to listen to specific music while you are on hold during a phone call. To hear Skype for Business sounds, select the Play sounds in Skype for Business (including ringtones for incoming alerts and IM alerts) check box, then if you'd like you can mute the sounds if you're in an IM conversation, or if your status is Busy or Do Not Disturb. To stop all Skype for Business sounds, clear the Play sounds in Skype for Business (including ringtones for incoming alerts and IM alerts) check box. However, there may be times when you don’t want to hear sounds, like when your status is Do Not Disturb. Your selections are saved when you click OK.īy default, Skype for Business plays sounds with certain events. Make sure your speakers are turned up so you can listen and decide if you like that ringtone. In the Calls to box, select My work number, My team, People I manage calls for, or My Response Group calls then select a ringtone. You can assign different ringtones to different groups of people if you'd like. Want to hear a ringtone when you initiate a phone call to your work number or a particular group of work people? Use the Options > Ringtones and Sounds dialog box to set ringtones for your phone and other sounds, like notifications. 6/22/2023 0 Comments Aika online warlock heaven setsThis skill is invaluable in pve, and very effective in small scale/ 1v1 pvp. It also heals ones HP for an amount equal to the amount of damage dealt. Therefore it doesn’t gain as much damage from your stats as many other skills do.It still does a decent amount of damage. Decreases the effect of heals by 25% for 6 seconds.īH hits the enemy using mainly the str stat to boost the main magic damage. – Deals 173 magic damage also adds 35 damage when the target is debuffed with Enervate. It can also be used on melees/scouts to inhibit their ability to use skills which greatly lowers their dps.īlack Harvest (Lvl 1/8) – Some choose to max this skill to maximize the duration of the silence effect and if cast on a mage, completely remove that enemy’s ability to attack for the entire duration (over 20 secs= epic). This skill DOUBLES the time of silence if cast during an enemies casting time. Some choose to keep it at lv 1 for a quick disable/gap in enemy dps although it is generally accepted that lv 4 is the minimum effective lvl for this skill. Silence duration is doubled if target is casting when affected.ĪS is mainly used for the silence effect. – Deals 104 magic damage and silences the target for 3 seconds also adds 21 damage when the target is debuffed with Enervate. It is generally accepted to max for pve, and in any case, when totally maxed is one of the hardest hitting WL skills, rivaling FB and even ME.Īetheric Shackles (Lvl 1/9) – Some choose to leave this skill at 1, some choose to max it. The slow cooldown(CD) is cumbersome though this does improve w/ lvl as well. However it also does a good amount of damage. HF is invaluable to any WL build if for nothing else then for the 3 second stun. – Deals 213 magic damage and stuns the target for 3 seconds also adds 107 damage when the target is debuffed with Fireball. A process by which a WL will grind/farm groups of mobs at the same time. In PvE however it is only useful in AOE grinding. It is mainly used in PvP where the damage can come hard and fast. The ratio of HP to MP improves from level to level of this skill as it absorbs more and more damage. It is however detrimental in that every HP protected from damage is exponentially lost from MP. Mana shield is useful in that it reduces damage taken, greatly increasing the survivability of the WL. Some say it is invaluable, while others say it is useless. – Reduces 30% of damage taken at a cost of 2.25 times the mana instead. This skill also provides a debuff that momentarily strengthens Aether Flare(AF) Choice of which one to use is based completely on play style. Just as FB this is good in both pvp and pve. It does less damage than FB but provides a slow that makes it harder for melees to get to u, and any enemy to run away. LO is that other main source/skill of the WL. – Deals 79 magic damage and decreases move speed by 15 also decreases resistance to lightning attacks for 3 seconds. It is also widely accepted that a WL build w/o this… quite simply is fail. 1 point in this is all that is necessary and any more is conscidered overkill. Warning, the enemy will return to human/monster form once hit w/ any attack. It also has its uses in pve as in holding off one mob while u take care of another or taking a breather during a particularly difficult boss fight. – Turns the target into an animal with no combat ability and decreases their move speed by 2 for 20 seconds.Ī very good source of CC for the WL mainly used in 1v1, small pvp, and battlefield. Standardly held to be useless in pvp due to its reduced damage against almost any player characters magic defense it still does a good job of widdling away at and weakening the common monster.This skill also provides a debuff that momentarily strengthens Black Harvest (BH), Soul Trap (ST), Aetheric Shackles (AS), and Meteor (ME) This spell will not kill the target.ĮN is one of the WLs main Pve skills. – Deals 23 magic damage per second and decreases resistance to dark attacks for 6 seconds. This skill also provides a debuff that momentarily strengthens Hellfire(HF),Inferno(IN)Įnervate (Lvl 1/12) – FB has great damage and an excellent boost to crit rate. Most builds take and/or max one or the other as its main spammable skill and main source of dps(damage per second). 25 additional critical rate applies for the skill.įB is one of the WLs main skills along side LO(light orb). – Deals 63 ranged magic damage and decreases resistance to fire attacks for 3 seconds. Aika Online Warlock Complete Guide by jonhblazeįireball (Lvl 1/13) – 6/22/2023 0 Comments Yahoo mail secret folderDoes Microsoft Outlook handle your mail? Then follow these steps for mass deletion With this nifty trick, you’ll save hours of work. Repeat this process for any other kind of email you want to clear out of your Yahoo account. If you want to clear them permanently, navigate to the Trash folder and select All Emails to delete them for good. Now, everything you didn’t want is discarded in the Trash folder. No worries: Just click on the Select All checkbox and hit the Delete button to clear them away. You may find thousands or even hundreds of results. Now, all the read messages are filtered away, so you can collect every unread email in your inbox. In this case, look to the left side of your email inbox. (After all, if they were important, you would have read them already.) Let’s say you want to clean out all the unread emails. In the current version of Yahoo, you can use these filters to mass delete emails. You’ll have to tap on Advanced Search, which lets you search by these filters: It’s not as easy as typing a code into the search bar, though. Just like Gmail, Yahoo Mail also lets you filter your search bar. LOSING IMPORTANT EMAILS? How to make sure important messages aren’t marked as spam Yahoo users: Here’s how to delete thousands of emails at once Repeat this speedy process for any email you want to clear out - it’s a time-saving way to boost your security. Just click on the Trash icon, and you’ve deleted countless emails in the blink of an eye. With just one click of a button, you selected every single email in your inbox that matches your search. Tap on Select all conversations that match this search. This pops up a message letting you know how many pages are selected. But you don’t have to spend an hour deleting all your unwanted messages - instead, you can click on the select all conversations option mentioned earlier.įirst, check the box underneath the search bar. You may want to run for the hills at the thought of deleting 50 pages’ worth of emails. If you have a bulging email inbox, you probably see a ton of results.ĭon’t worry if you get a few hundred or even a few thousand results. Step one is done: You’ve collected all the emails you want to delete. Now you know how to find what you’re looking for. One quick tip can help: Go to Gmail’s search box and type filetype:pdf to quickly find and delete any important documents you’re not using anymore. Tap or click here for step-by-step instructions on deleting attachments from your email. If you’re keeping old emails with this critical information, you’re putting your identity at a huge risk. Just think about all the important emails you’ve sent out: medical bills, taxes, new hire paperwork with your social security number and so on. Hackers love to root through your old emails and collect important PDFs. Speaking of which, deleting old emails with attachments is an important security step. Here are a few nifty shortcuts that can help you in a snap. 6/22/2023 0 Comments Crazy train songsterHe was not involved in the songwriting process. Barry Screnage was a friend of Osbourne's named as the group's drummer. In 2017 Rolling Stone's list of "100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time" Much of the album was written by Randy Rhoads, bassist Bob Daisley and Ozzy Osbourne. The album was Osbourne's first release following his firing from Black Sabbath in 1979. It was released on 20 September 1980 in the UK and on 27 March 1981 in the US. Ozzy Osbourne's music is influenced by genre(s) - heavy metal.Ībout Blizzard of Ozz : Blizzard of Ozz is the debut studio album by British heavy metal vocalist Ozzy Osbourne. Ozzy Osbourne had an affiliation to band(s) - Black Sabbath. Osbourne appeared as himself in the MTV reality show The Osbournes. Osbourne co-stars with Jack and Kelly in Ozzy |